Liming and biochar on sorghum growth and Arenosol chemical properties in the Semiarid environment / Efeito da calagem e do biochar no crescimento do sorgo e nas propriedades químicas do Neossolo Quartzarênico no ambiente Semiárido

This research evaluated the effect of liming (with and without) and biochar (with and without) on sorghum cv. BRS Ponta Negra growth and Arenosol chemical properties in the Semiarid environment. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with treatments in a 2x2 factorial scheme, corresponding to the application or not of lime (0 and 2.5 t ha-1) and biochar (0 and 12.5 t ha-1). Biochar was produced from cashew branches. The experiment was conducted in 16 m² plots where the forage sorghum cultivar BRS Ponta Negra was cultivated. The soil chemical characteristics, the production attributes, and the structural characteristics of the sorghum cultivar studied were evaluated. There was no interaction between factors. The use of biochar increased the pH and Ca and P contents in the soil and contributed to increasing the panicle mass (2.51 t ha-1 of DM). Lime application affected the soil Ca content as the dose of 2.5 t ha-1 resulted in higher values of culm diameter (15.25 mm), panicle mass, and culm mass (2.63 and 7.50 t ha-1 of DM, respectively). Therefore, these results allowed to outline strategies for the use of limestone and biochar for forage production in semiarid environments in sandy soils. Because, these materials improve some chemical attributes of the soil and the production of forage sorghum. It is noteworthy that edophoclimatic conditions can change the response patterns observed in this research. Therefore, research in other regions is essential.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da calagem (com e sem) e do biocarvão (com e sem) sobre o crescimento e a produção de forragem do sorgo forrageiro cv. BRS Ponta Negra e nas propriedades químicas do Neossolo Quartzarênico no ambiente Semiárido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2, correspondendo a aplicação ou não do calcário (0 e 2,5 t ha-1) e do biocarvão (0 e 12,5 t ha-1). O biochar era produzido a partir de galhos de caju. O experimento foi conduzido em parcelas de 16 m² onde foi cultivada a cultivar de sorgo forrageiro BRS Ponta Negra. Foram avaliadas as características químicas do solo, os atributos de produção e as características estruturais da cultivar de sorgo estudada. Não houve interação entre os fatores. O uso do biochar aumentou o pH e os teores de Ca e P no solo e contribuiu para o aumento da massa da panícula (2,51 t ha-1 de MS). A aplicação de calcário afetou o teor de Ca no solo, assim a dose de 2,5 t ha-1 resultou em maiores valores de diâmetro do colmo (15,25 mm), massa da panícula e massa do colmo (2,63 e 7,50 t ha-1 de MS, respectivamente). Portanto, esses resultados permitem traçar estrategias de uso do calcário e biochar para produção forrageira em ambientes semiáridos com solos arenosos. Pois, esses materias melhoram alguns atributos quimicos do solo e a produção do sorgo forrageiro. Vale ressaltar que as condições edofoclimáticas podem alterar os padrões de resposta observados nesta pesquisa. Portanto, a pesquisa em outras regiões é essencial.

The effect of Hydropolymers on soil microbial activities in Mediterranean areas / El efecto de los polímeros absorbentes en la actividad microbiológica del suelo bajo condiciones mediterráneas

ABSTRACT Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the hydropolymer TerraCottem on soil microbial activity by measuring soil respiration and leaching of mineral nitrogen. Materials and methods. The incubation experiment contained control variants with natural soil of Nerja area (South Spain, inside the Sierra Tejeda, Almijara and Alhama Natural Park, 36.7985173° N 3.8511693° W; WCGS84), variants with the addition of easy available nitrogen compounds (kg N ha-1), easy accessible carbon compounds (1% glucose solution) and a combinations of both. Within each variant, the recommended amount of control hydropolymers (1.5 kg/m3) and a double dose of 3.0 kg/m3 were compared. Results. Showed that respiration activity of the soil in this Mediterranean area was not eliminated by the lack of ready available nitrogen or carbon substrates. Furthermore, differences in CO2 production between the variants containing different amounts of hydropolymers were not significant. A statistically significant difference in the CO2 production was found in the first week compared to longer time periods. Conclusions. The mineral nitrogen leaching measurement showed that the biological activity of the studied is not affected by nitrogen dynamics which is balanced regardless of the amount of applied hydropolymer. On the other hand, leaching processes occurred when soil was doped only with nitrogen compounds or only carbonaceous, a problem that can appear after fertilizers application.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio pasa por evaluar el efecto del-Terracottem- en la actividad microbiana del suelo mediante la medida de la respiración edáfica y la pérdida de nitrógeno mineral por lixiviación. El ensayo se ha realizado en condiciones de laboratorio controladas y con suelos naturales. Materiales y métodos. Para el experimento, se han diseñado varios tratamientos: i) suelos naturales a los que se les ha adicionado compuestos nitrogenados de libre disponibilidad (Kg N ha-1); ii) suelos naturales a los que se les ha adicionado carbohidratos de libre disponibilidad (1% de solución de glucosa); iii) suelos naturales a los que se les ha adicionado una mezcla de compuestos nitrogenados de libre disponibilidad (Kg N ha-1) con carbohidratos (1% de solución de glucosa). En cada variante se han testeado diferentes dosis del polímero. Resultados. Los resultados han demostrado que la actividad respiratoria del suelo es independiente de la disponibilidad de compuestos como el nitrógeno o carbono. Tampoco se han observado diferencias significativas entre las diferentes dosis del polímero. Por el contrario, si se observaron diferencias en la producción de CO2. Conclusiones. La lixiviación únicamente se producía cuando los suelos eran enmendados con compuestos únicamente nitrogenados o únicamente sólo carbonosos.

Treatment of poultry litter does not improve performance or carcass lesions in broilers / El tratamiento de la cama no afecta el desempeño ni las lesiones en la canal del pollo de engorde / Desempenho produtivo e lesões na carcaça de frangos de corte não são afetados pelo tratamento da cama de frango

Background: broilers spend most of their lives in contact with litter; litter quality can affect their health and performance. Objective: the effects of litter treatment on performance and carcass lesions were evaluated in five consecutive flocks with 640 male broilers each. Methods: a completely randomized model was used comprising eight treatments and four replicates. The treatments included (1) untreated litter, (2) litter subjected to in-house composting, (3) litter treated (LT) with aluminum sulfate, (4) LT with gypsum, (5) LT with quicklime, (6) LT with dolomitic limestone, (7) LT with zeolite, and (8) LT with charcoal. Chopped elephant-grass hay was used as poultry litter in all flocks. Results: none of the litter treatments were found to influence the performance and carcass lesions of the male broilers in all five flocks. Furthermore, poultry litter treatments were not economically viable. Conclusion: poultry litter treatments did not affect the performance and scores of carcass lesions of male broilers, but increased the cost of poultry production.

Antecedentes: los pollos de engorde pasan la mayoría de su vida en contacto con la cama; la calidad de la cama puede afectar la salud y desempeño del ave. Objetivo: fueron evaluados los efectos de diferentes tratamientos de la cama sobre el desempeño y lesiones en la canal de pollos de engorde durante cinco lotes consecutivos con 640 aves cada uno. Métodos: se empleó un modelo completamente aleatorizado con ocho tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos incluyeron (1) cama no tratada, (2) cama sometida a compostaje en el galpón, (3) cama tratada (CT) con sulfato de aluminio, (4) CT con yeso agrícola, (5) CT con cal, (6) CT con calcáreo dolomítico, (7) CT con zeolita y (8) CT con carbón vegetal. Heno de pasto elefante picado fue usado como cama en todos los lotes. Resultado: los tratamientos no influenciaron el desempeño ni las lesiones en la canal de los pollos en ningún lote. Además, ninguno de los tratamientos de las camas fue económicamente viables. Conclusión: el tratamiento de la cama de pollo no solo no afecta el desempeño ni las lesiones en la canal de los pollos sino que eleva los costos de producción de las aves.

Antecedentes: os frangos de corte passam a maioria de suas vidas em contato com a cama e a qualidade desta pode afetar a saúde e o desempenho produtivo da ave. Objetivo: Avaliou-se os efeitos dos tratamentos da cama de frango sobre o desempenho no crescimento e lesões na carcaça de frangos de corte. Métodos: avaliaram-se 640 aves por lote, durante cinco lotes consecutivos, analisaram-se empregando um modelo completamente casualizado com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de (1) cama não tratada, (2) cama submetida a compostagem no galpão, (3) cama tratada (CT) com sulfato de alumínio, (4) CT com gesso agrícola, (5) CT com cal virgem, (6) CT com calcário dolomítico, (7) CT com zeolita e (8) CT com carvão vegetal. Feno de capim elefante picado foi usado como cama em todos os lotes. Resultado: os diferentes tratamentos não influenciaram o desempenho na produção e as lesões na carcaça dos frangos em nenhum lote, entretanto, os tratamentos da cama foram economicamente inviáveis. Conclusão: o tratamento da cama de frango não afeta o desempenho produtivo e os escores de lesões na carcaça dos frangos de corte, além, eleva os custos da produção avícola.

Effect of Sealant Application and Thermal Cycling on Bond Strength of Tissue Conditioners to Acrylic Resin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sealer application and thermal cycling on the bond strength between tissue conditioners and acrylic resin, and to observe the type of bond failure. Two hundred eighty-eight specimens (10x16x3 mm) were made of an acrylic resin (Lucitone 500, Dentsply) using a metal muffle. Specimens were divided into four groups according to the tissue conditioner (Coe-Comfort, GC or Dentusoft, Densell) used and whether or not a sealer (Eversoft Soft Liner Sealer, Myerson) was applied. Each of the four groups was subdivided into other six subgroups (n=12) to undergo thermocycling for 45, 90, 135, 180 or 210 cycles with a dwell time of 60 s, or to be left non thermocycled (control). Tensile bond strength was measured in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Sealant application had no effect on the tensile bond strength of the relined acrylic resin, regardless of the tissue conditioner used (Coe-Comfort: p=0.306 and Dentusoft: p=0.1501). The number of thermal cycles had a significant effect on the tensile bond strength of the relined acrylic resin (Coe-Comfort: p=0.002 and Dentusoft: p<0.001). Both tissue conditioners presented similar bond strength to acrylic resin. For both tissue conditioners, sealer coatings had no influence on bond strength, while different numbers of thermal cycles affected that mechanical property.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o efeito da aplicação de selante e a ciclagem térmica na resistência de união entre condicionadores de tecido e resina acrílica e observar o padrão de fratura. Duzentos e oitenta e oito espécimes (10×16×3 mm) de resina acrílica (Lucitone 500, Dentsply) foram confeccionados utilizando-se uma mufla metálica. Os espécimens foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o condicionador de tecido (Coe-Comfort, GC ou Dentusoft, Densell) e com o uso ou não de selante (Eversoft Soft Liner Sealer, Myerson). Cada um dos quatro grupos foi subdividido em seis grupos para a realização de 45, 90, 135, 180 ou 210 ciclos térmicos, ou ausência de termociclagem (controle). Resistência de união por tração foi mensurada em uma máquina universal de ensaios com velocidade de 5 mm/min. A aplicação de selante não afetou a resistência de união por tração da resina acrílica reembasada, independentemente do condicionador de tecido utilizado (Coe-Comfort: p=0,306 e Dentusoft: p=0,1501). O número de ciclos térmicos apresentou efeito significativo na resistência de união por tração da resina acrílica reembasada (Coe-Comfort: p=0,002 e Dentusoft: p<0,001). Ambos os condicionadores de tecidos apresentaram resistência de união semelhante à resina acrílica. Para ambos os condicionadores de tecidos, a aplicação de selante não apresentou influência na resistência de união, enquanto que diferentes números de ciclos térmicos afetaram essa propriedade mecânica.

The effect of disinfectant agents on dimensional stability and surface roughness of a tissue conditioner material.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of disinfectant procedures on the dimensional stability and surface quality of a tissue conditioner used as a functional impression material. Materials and Methods: A tissue conditioner (Visco-gel) used as a functional impression material was disinfected by immersion in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite or 2% glutaraldehyde solutions for 10 or 20 minutes, respectively. The control group consisted of specimens (n=10) that were not treated by disinfectants. For testing the dimensional stability, impressions of an aluminum edentulous arch with three reference points were made. After 24 hours of storage in distilled water, the specimens were treated by one of the disinfection procedures. Impressions were poured and, subsequently, 50 stone casts were measured with a Nikon profile projector. For surface roughness evaluation, disks that contained Visco-gel were pressed against glass slides. The disks were then stored in distilled water for 24 hours. After disinfection, 50 disk-shaped dental stone casts were prepared. Surface roughness values were determined using a profilometer. For each test, data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: The results of the dimensional stability test showed that immersion of Visco-gel impressions in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution or 2% glutaraldehyde solution did not significantly change the anteroposterior (AP) and cross-arch (CA) distances of the resultant stone casts when compared to the control group (P>0.05). The surface quality of dental stone casts formed by Visco-gel did not change significantly when impressions were immersed in the disinfectant solutions for either 10 or 20 minutes, or when stored in distilled water (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the disinfectant solutions used in this study did not have a significant effect on the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of Visco-gel as a functional impression material.

Efeito da desmineralização óssea superficial na migração, adesão e diferenciação de pré-osteoblastos / The effect of surface bone demineralization on the migration, adhesion and differentiation of pre-osteoblasts

Resultados de pesquisas prévias tem encontrado potencial aumentado para a consolidação de enxertos ósseos mediante desmineralização do material enxertado e/ou das superfícies de consolidação. Entretanto há carência de embasamento apoiado em evidências biológicas do benefício de tal procedimento. Para testar esta hipótese, o tecido ósseo da calvária de cobaias (Cavia porcellus) foi exposto ao condicionamento por ácido cítrico durante 15, 30, 90 e 180 segundos (grupos teste). Quarenta e cinco discos ósseos de três milímetros de diâmetro foram removidos dos animais, dos quais 36 foram condicionados com ácido cítrico pH 1 a 50% e nove não receberam condicionamento (grupo controle). Sobre nove discos de cada grupo foram cultivados pré-osteoblastos MC3T3-E1 durante 24, 48 e 72 horas (três discos de cada grupo em cada tempo). Análises da morfologia celular, do número de células aderidas sobre as superfícies e da área de cobertura destas superfícies por préosteoblastos foram realizadas à microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Observou-se aumento do número de células aderidas às superfícies com o tempo, independentemente de haver condicionamento ou de seu tempo de aplicação. Entretanto, essa diferença só foi estatisticamente significante intragrupos (p<0,05) e quando comparados os períodos de 24 e 72 horas de incubação. A área de cobertura das superfícies por células aumentou significantemente com o tempo somente nos grupos teste, também entre os períodos de incubação de 24 e 72 horas (p<0,01). O grupo controle apresentou-se com 50% ou menos de área de cobertura superficial em relação aos demais. A duração de aplicação do ácido não interferiu significantemente nesse parâmetro de avaliação, mas nos grupos 15 e 30, a área de recobrimento ósseo mais do que triplicou às 72 horas em relação às 24 horas (p<0,01), com cerca de 70% das superfícies cobertas por células, contra 30% no grupo controle. Conclui-se que a desmineralização óssea...

Results of previous research has found increased potential for the consolidation of bone grafts by demineralization of the graft material and / or areas of consolidation. However there is a lack of foundation supported by biological evidence of benefits from such procedures. To test this hypothesis, the bone tissue of the calvaria of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were exposed to conditioning by citric acid for 15, 30, 90 and 180 seconds (test group). Forty-five bone disks measuring three millimeters in diameter were removed from the animals, of which 36 were conditioned with citric acid pH 1 to 50% and nine did not receive conditioning (control group). About nine disks in each group were pre-cultured with MC3T3- E1 osteoblasts for 24, 48 and 72 hours (three discs of each group at each time point). Analysis of cell morphology, number of cells attached on the surface and the coverage area of these surfaces by pre-osteoblasts were performed on scanning electron microscopy. There was na increase in the number of cells attached to surfaces over time, regardless of conditioning or application time. However, this difference was not statistically significant intra-group (p <0.05) when comparing the periods of 24 and 72 hours of incubation. The coverage area of the surfaces of cells increased significantly with time only in the test groups, also among the incubation periods of 24 and 72 hours (p <0.01). The control group presented with 50% or less of surface area coverage compared to the other. The duration of application of the acid did not affect significantly this parameter of evaluation, but in groups 15 and 30, the bonearea covered more than tripled from 24 to 72 hours (p <0.01), with about 70 % of the area covered by cells, versus 30% in the control group. It was concluded that bone demineralization in the studied conditioning times provides a substrate on which cells acquire pre-osteoblastic morphology compatible with...

Avaliação in vitro de três condicionadores de tecido, submetidos a testes de penetração / In vitro evaluation of three temporary tissue conditioners, submitted to penetration tests

Introdução e Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a existência de alterações na resiliência de quatro diferentes condicionadores de tecido: Coe Comfort (CC), Ufi-Gel (UG), Sofreliner S (SS) e Sofreliner MS (SMS), associados aos seus respectivos selantes de superfície em diferentes intervalos de tempo. Material e Método: Foram confeccionadas 160 cápsulas de resina acrílica que, após seu acabamento, foram preenchidas com os condicionadores de tecidos. Para o Grupo CC, não houve tratamento da superfície interna das cápsulas, sendo o material preparado conforme as indicações do fabricante e acomodado nas cápsulas e para os condicionadores de tecido UG, SS e SMS realizou-se o tratamento interno das cápsulas. Após a obtenção dos corpos de prova, estes foram submetidos a testes de penetração, os testes foram realizados nos intervalos de 1h, 24hs, 30, 60 dias. Resultados: Avaliou-se o efeito do fator tempo na resiliência destes materiais e foi observado que o CC foi o condicionador que mais perdeu essa característica com o passar do tempo, comprovando que seu uso está limitado apenas por curto período. Já os condicionadores UG, SS e SMS, apesar de terem uma pequena deficiência na resiliência na primeira hora, demonstraram-se mais estáveis após todos os testes ao final de 60 dias. Conclusão: Condicionadores de tecidos a base de silicona permanecem com as características iniciais por até 60 dias, enquanto condicionadores de tecido a base de resina acrílica perdem progressivamente sua viscoelasticidade.

Introduction and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate resilience changes of four tissue conditioners: Coe Comfort (CC), Ufi-Gel (UG), Sofreliner S (SS) and Sofreliner MS (SMS), associated to their respective surface sealers at different times. Material and Method: 160 capsules of acrylic resin were made and then finished prior to the filling with the tissue conditioners. For the CC group the capsules were not treated and were filled with the material. For the conditioners UG, SS and SMS, the capsules were internally treated prior to the material insertion. All the materials were used following the manufacturer?s instructions. The test were carried out after 1h, 24h, 30 days and 60 days. Results: The effect of time at the materials resilience was evaluated and observed that CC loses more resilience than UG, SS and SMS what proofs his use in a short period. UG, SS and SMS despite bad results in a first moment, shows better results after 60 days. Conclusion: Were concluded that silicon based materials are more stable than acrylic resin based materials.

Comparative scanning electron microscopic study of the effect of different dental conditioners on dentin micromorphology

This study evaluated comparatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the effect of different dental conditioners on dentin micromorphology, when used according to the same protocol. Forty dentin sticks were obtained from 20 caries-free third human molars and were assigned to 4 groups corresponding to 3 conditioners (phosphoric acid 37 percent, Clearfil SE Bond and iBond) and an untreated control group. After application of the conditioners, the specimens were immersed in 50 percent ethanol solution during 10 s, chemically fixed and dehydrated to prepare them to SEM analysis. In the control group, dentin surface was completely covered by smear layer and all dentinal tubules were occluded. In the phosphoric acid-etched group, dentin surface was completely clean and presented exposed dentinal tubule openings; this was the only group in which the tubules exhibited the funnel-shaped aspect. In the groups conditioned with Clearfil SE Bond primer and iBond, which are less acidic than phosphoric acid, tubule openings were occluded or partially occluded, though smear layer removal was observed. SE Bond was more efficient in removing the smear layer than iBond. In the Clearfil SE Bond group, the cuff-like aspect of peritubular dentin was more evident. It may be concluded all tested conditioners were able to change dentin morphology. However, it cannot be stated that the agent aggressiveness was the only cause of the micromorphological alterations because a single morphological pattern was not established for each group, but rather an association of different aspects, according to the aggressiveness of the tested conditioner.

Air Quality of Ventilation Systems of Centralized Air-Conditioners in Star Grade Hotels in Nanning / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the pollution situation of ventilation systems of centralized air-conditioners in public areas and to present the data for hygiene management. Methods 20 ventilating systems of air-conditioners from six 3-star or above hotels in Nanning were selected randomly and the hygienic inspection on these samples was performed including the indexes of PM10, aerobic bacterial count, aerobic molds count, dust capacity of inner-wind duct surface and microbial as well as the legionella in cooling tower water. Results The total count of aerobic bacterial in breeze of air-conditioner was rather serious, the over-standard rate was 66.7%. The over-standard rate of PM10 was 16.7%. Dust content of inner-wind duct surface was rather high with the average value of 46.33 g/m2 and the over-standard rate was 83.3%, the over-standard rate of total count of aerobic molds in it was 100%, the highest value was 145.3 times of the standard limit. The over-standard rate of total bacterial count in inner-wind duct surface was 16.7%. The legionella pneumophila was detected in one of the six samples. Conclusion The cleaning and disinfection of ventilation system of centralized air-conditioners in star grade hotels is not thorough in Nanning and the pollution of microbial is rather serious. so the hygienic management must be strengthened.